Anest. intenziv. Med. 2025;36(4):262-271 | DOI: 10.36290/aim.2025.048

Current methods of cardiac output monitoringReview Article

Klimovič A.1-3, Smékalová O.1-4, Kletečka J.1-2, Beneš J.1-3, 5, Zatloukal J.1-3
1 Klinika anesteziologie, resuscitace a intenzivní medicíny, Lékařská fakulta v Plzni, Univerzita Karlova
2 Klinika anesteziologie, resuscitace a intenzivní medicíny, Fakultní nemocnice Plzeň
3 Simulační centrum Plzeň, Lékařská fakulta v Plzni, Univerzita Karlova
4 Ústav simulační medicíny, Lékařská fakulta Masarykovy univerzity, Brno
5 Biomedicínské centrum, Lékařská fakulta v Plzni, Univerzita Karlova

Cardiac output monitoring and other parameters as part of extended hemodynamic monitoring represent an advanced tool for the early detection of circulatory disturbances that cannot be identified through standard vital sign monitoring. Such disturbances may lead to inadequate tissue oxygen delivery and subsequent clinical deterioration. Extended hemodynamic monitoring is indicated in patients who do not respond to initial therapy, and in the perioperative setting, it is recommended for high-risk patients undergoing high-risk surgical procedures. The choice of cardiac output monitoring modality may be challenging due to the wide range of available technologies, which differ in their invasiveness and the spectrum of parameters provided. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of available continuous methods of advanced hemodynamic monitoring, assess their benefits and limitations, and support appropriate indication based on the patient's clinical condition.

Keywords: intensive care medicine, perioperative medicine, cardiovascular system, cardiac output.

Received: July 28, 2025; Revised: September 23, 2025; Accepted: October 13, 2025; Prepublished online: November 21, 2025; Published: December 10, 2025  Show citation

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Klimovič A, Smékalová O, Kletečka J, Beneš J, Zatloukal J. Current methods of cardiac output monitoring. Anest. intenziv. Med. 2025;36(4):262-271. doi: 10.36290/aim.2025.048.
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